Ophthalmic IQ 577™ Laser System

True yellow laser for retinal disorders

MicroPulse allows the tissue to cool between laser pulses, minimizing or preventing tissue damage. Treatment risks are reduced or eliminated, with increased patient comfort than with conventional, continuous-wave laser treatment.

Retina

MicroPulse settings extend the aspects of tissue-sparing applications to treatments otherwise performed with conventional photocoagulation. DME, CSR, and even PDR are areas where MicroPulse laser therapy can be utilized.

Glaucoma

MicroPulse laser trabeculoplasty (MLT) is a tissue-sparing laser therapy intended to reduce intraocular pressure. Unlike conventional laser trabeculoplasty procedures, there is no destructive, coagulative damage to the trabecular meshwork.

MicroPulse Basics

MicroPulse is a laser delivery modality that adds fine control of photothermal effects in laser photocoagulation. In conventional photocoagulation, the temperature rise for an intended intraoperative endpoint is controlled by adjusting the power and the exposure duration of the continuous-wave (CW) laser emission.

With MicroPulse, the steady CW emission is “chopped” into a train of short laser pulses, whose “width” (“ON” time) and “interval” (“OFF” time) are adjustable by the surgeon. A shorter MicroPulse “width” limits the time for the laser-induced heat to spread to adjacent tissues, thus providing fine control of energy delivered. A longer MicroPulse “interval” between pulses allows cooling to take place before the next pulse is delivered.

MicroPulse (low duty cycle). Very little thermal spread can occur due to the extended “OFF” time between each MicroPulse. Tissue is allowed to return to baseline temperature before the arrival of the next pulse.

MicroPulse (medium duty cycle). Doubling the “width” of the pulse, doubles the energy deposited, increases the heat spread during the “ON” time, reduces the cool off time, but can still avoid cumulative thermal build-up.

MicroPulse (high duty cycle). More energy is deposited with more thermal spread during the “ON” time and some thermal build-up due to the shorter cool off time before the next pulse.

CW Pulse (100% duty cycle). The thermal rise and re-equilibration can only be controlled by adjusting the power and the exposure duration of the CW laser emission.

 

IQ 577 Laser System

• Wavelength: 577 nm Yellow
• Weight: 19.2 lb (9.0 kg)
• Dimensions: 8.5″ H x 12″ W x 14″ D (21 cm x 30 cm x 35 cm)
• Connector Type: RFID | Resistor
• Electrical: 100-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz
• Cooling: Whisper fan
• Exposure Duration: CW-Pulse: 10-3000 ms
• Exposure Interval: CW-Pulse: 10-3000 ms
• MicroPulse Duration: 0.05-1.00 ms
• MicroPulse Interval: 1.00-10.00 ms
• Aiming Laser: Diode laser, 635 nm nominal
• Delivery Device Power Output: Portable SLA: 0-2000 mW, LIO: 0-2000 mW, EndoProbe: 0-2000 mW

• Why 577nm Yellow?

  Authors:

  Source: 1. L'Esperance FA Jr. Clinical photocoagulation with the organic dye laser. A preliminary communication. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103(9):1312-6. 2. Mainster MA. Wavelength selection in macular photocoagulation. Tissue optics, thermal effects, and laser systems. Ophthalmology 1986;93(7):952-8 3. Castillejos-Rios D, Devenyl R, Moffat K, Yu E. Dye yellow vs argon green laser in panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A comparison of minimum power requirements. Can J Ophthalmol 1992;27(5):243-244 4. Brooks HL, Jr., Eagle RC, Jr., Schroeder RP, Annesley WH, Shields JA, Augsburger JJ. Clinicopathologic study of organic dye. Laser in the human fundus. Ophthalmology 1989;96(6):822-34. 5. Olk RJ, Akduman L. Minimal intensity diode laser (810 nanometer) photocoagulation (MIP) for diffuse diabetic macular edema (ddme). Semin Ophthalmol 2001;16(1):25-30. 6. Moorman CM, Hamilton AM. Clinical applications of the micropulse diode laser. Eye 1999;13 (Pt 2):145-50. 7. Laursen ML, Moeller F, Sander B, Sjoelie AK. Subthreshold micropulse diode laser treatment in diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88(9):1173-9. 8. Tseng Shih-Yu. Clinical application of micropulse diode laser in the treatment of macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139(4):S58. 9. Luttrull JK, Musch DC, Mainster MA. Subthreshold diode micropulse photocoagulation for the treatment of clinically significant diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89(1):74-80. 10. Luttrull JK, Spink CJ. Serial optical coherence tomography of subthreshold diode laser micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2006;37(5):370-7. 11. Sivaprasad S, Sandhu R, Tandon A, Sayed-Ahmed K, McHugh DA. Subthreshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema: A three-year follow up. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2007;35(7):640-4. 12. Nakamura Y, Tatsumi T, Arai M, Takatsuna Y, Mitamura Y, Yamamoto S. [subthreshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema with hard exudates]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2009;113(8):787-91. 13. Figueira J, Khan J, Nunes S, Sivaprasad S, Rosa A, de Abreu JF, Cunha-Vaz JG, Chong NV. Prospective randomised controlled trial comparing sub-threshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation and conventional green laser for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93(10):1341-4. 14. Ohkoshi K, Yamaguchi T. Subthreshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema in Japanese patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149(1):133-9. 15. Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, Pilotto E, Convento E, Midena E. Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: Subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation. Retina 2010;30(6):908-916. 16. Kumar V, Ghosh B, Mehta DK, Goel N. Functional outcome of subthreshold versus threshold diode laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema. Eye (Lond) 2010;24(9):1459-65. 17. Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Melo LA, Jr., Dare A, Farah ME, Belfort R Jr. Randomized clinical trial evaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(7):4314-23. 18. Luttrull JK, Sramek C, Palanker D, Spink CJ, Musch DC. Long-term safety, high-resolution imaging, and tissue temperature modeling of sub-visible diode micropulse photocoagulation for retinovascular macular edema. Retina 2011; Publish Ahead of Print:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182206f6c. 19. Venkatesh P, Ramanjulu R, Azad R, Vohra R, Garg S. Subthreshold micropulse diode laser and double frequency neodymium: YAG laser in treatment of diabetic macular edema: A prospective, randomized study using multifocal electroretinography. Photomed Laser Surg 2011. 20. Luttrull JK, Musch DC, Spink CA. Subthreshold diode micropulse panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2008;22(5):607-12. 21. Kumar V, Ghosh B, Raina UK, Goel N. Subthreshold diode micropulse panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye 2009;23(11):2122-2123. 22. Parodi MB, Spasse S, Iacono P, Di Stefano G, Canziani T, Ravalico G. Subthreshold grid laser treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion with micropulse infrared (810 nanometer) diode laser. Ophthalmology 2006;113(12):2237-42. 23. Parodi MB, Iacono P, Ravalico G. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide combined with subthreshold grid laser treatment for macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion: A pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(8):1046-50. 24. Luttrull JK. Laser for BRVO: History and current practice. Retina Today 2011;May/June:74-76. 25. Ricci F, Missiroli F, Cerulli L. Indocyanine green dye-enhanced micropulsed diode laser: A novel approach to subthreshold RPE treatment in a case of central serous chorioretinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2004;14(1):74-82. 26. Lanzetta P, Furlan F, Morgante L, Veritti D, Bandello F. Nonvisible subthreshold micropulse diode laser (810 nm) treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. A pilot study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2008;18(6):934-40. 27. Chen SN, Hwang JF, Tseng LF, Lin CJ. Subthreshold diode micropulse photocoagulation for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with juxtafoveal leakage. Ophthalmology 2008;115(12):2229-34. 28. Gupta B, Elagouz M, McHugh D, Chong V, Sivaprasad S. Micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for central serous chorio-retinopathy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2009;37(8):801-5. 29. Ricci F, Missiroli F, Regine F, Grossi M, Dorin G. Indocyanine green enhanced subthreshold diode-laser micropulse photocoagulation treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009;247(5):597-607. 30. Dare AR, Lavinsky D, Magalhaes F, Roisman L, Tognin F, Moreira CE, Cardillo JA. Focal juxtafoveal and grid pattern selective micro-pulsed laser photocoagulation for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50(5):ARVO E-Abstract 214. 31. Maia AM, Penha FM, Regatieri CVS, Cardillo JA, Farah ME. Micropulse 577nm - yellow laser photocoagulation for central serous chorio-retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(5):4273-. 32. Dare AJ, Cardillo JA, Lavinsky D, Belfort Rubens Jr., Moreira CE. 577 nm yellow selective subthreshold laser photocoagulation for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy with foveal leakage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(6):6622-. 33. Peroni R, Cardillo JA, Dare AJ, Aguirre JG, Lavinsky D, Farah ME, Belfort R Jr. A combined low energy, short pulsed 577 nm mild macular grid photocoagulation with 577 nm-micropulsed central laser stimulation for diabetic macular edema with foveal leakage (the sandwich grid). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(6):590-. 34. Aguirre JGM, Sr., Cardillo JA, Dare AJ, Peroni R, Lavinsky D, Farah ME, Belfort Rubens Jr. 577 nm short pulsed and low energy selective macular grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(6):592-. 35. Pasechnikova N, Suk S. 577 nm micropulse laser treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina Today 2011;Supplement (April):11-13. 36. Mainster MA, Whitacre MM. Dye yellow photocoagulation of retinal arterial macroaneurysms. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;105(1):97-8.

• MicroPulse™ Laser Therapy and Anti-VEGF Injections for Macular Edema Associated with CRVO

  Authors:

  Patrick Caskey, MD

• Successful Treatment of Microaneurysms Associated with DME Using a 577-nm Laser

  Authors:

  John T. Harriott, MD, FAAO

• MicroPulse™ Laser Therapy of Diabetic Macular Edema Success in Anti-VEGF Non-responder

  Authors:

  Sam E. Mansour, MSc, MD, FRCS(C), FACS

• Fovea-friendly MicroPulse Laser

  Authors:

  Neelakshi Bhagat, MD, MPH and Marco Zarbin, MD, PhD, FACS Source: 1. No authors listed. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(12):1796-1806. 2. Elman MJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, Beck RW et al; Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):609-614. 3. Olk RJ. Modified grid argon (blue-green) laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(7):938-950. 4. Lee CM, Olk RJ. Modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Long-term visual results. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(10):1594-1602. 5. Ladas ID, Theodossiadis GP. Long-term effectiveness of modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1993;71(3):393-397. 6. Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Fong DS, Strauber SF, Aiello LP, et al. Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):469-480. 7. Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Melo LAS, Dare A, Farah ME, Belfort R. Randomized clinical trial evaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Clin Sci. 2011;52(7):4314-4323. 8. Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, Pilotto E, Convento E, Midena E. Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation. Retina. 2010;30(6):908-916. 9. Luttrull JK, Sramek C, Palanker D, Spink CJ, Musch DC. Long-term safety, high-resolution imaging, and tissue temperature modeling of subvisible diode micropulse photocoagulation for retinovascular macular edema. Retina. 2012;32(2):375-386. 10. Lanzetta P, Furlan F, Morgante L, Veritti D, Bandello F. Nonvisible subthreshold micropulse diode laser (810 nm) treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. A pilot study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(6):934-940. 11. Gupta B, Elagouz M, McHugh D, Chong V, Sivaprasad S. Micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for central serous chorio-retinopathy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2009;37(8):801-805. 12. Koss MJ, Beger I, Koch FH. Subthreshold diode laser micropulse photocoagulation versus intravitreal injections of bevacizumab in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(2):307-314. 13. Cardillo JA. 577 nm yellow selective subthreshold laser photocoagulation for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy with foveal leakage. The 44th Retina Society Annual Scientific Meeting and the Società Italinana della Retina Society, Rome Italy. September 21-25, 2011. 14. No authors listed. Comparison of the modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:469-480.

• True Yellow Laser Increases Patient Comfort

  Authors:

  Samantha Stahl, Assistant Editor Source: http://www.retinalphysician.com/article.aspx?article=106162

• Prophylactic Treatment of Age-Related Maculopathy with 577-nm Subthreshold MicroPulse Laser

  Authors:

  Sergey Rykov, Prof. is Director of the Eye Microsurgery Center in Kiev, Ukraine. Natalia Pasechnikova, Prof, MD, PhD, is Director of Filatov’s Eye Disease and Tissue Therapy Institute, Odessa, Ukraine. Sviatoslav Suk, MD, PhD, is Chief of the Laser Unit at the Eye Microsurgery Center in Kiev, Ukraine. Contact him at +38067519889 or laser_dep@mail.ru. Stanislav Saksonov, MD, is an ophthalmologist at the Laser Unit in Kiev, Ukraine. Contact him at +380679199899 or s_saksonov@mail.ru. Source: Rodanant N, et. al. Predictors of drusen reduction after subthreshold infrared (810 nm) diode laser macular grid photocoagulation for nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134(4):577-85. Gass JD. Drusen and disciform macular detachment and degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;90(3):206-17. Bressler NM, et al. Five-year incidence and disappearance of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities. Waterman study. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113(3):301-8. Klein R, et al. The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: The beaver dam eye study. Ophthalmology 1997;104(1):7-21. Moisseiev J, et al. The impact of the macular photocoagulation study results on the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113(2):185-9. Freund KB, et al. Age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115(6):786-91. Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration With Photodynamic Therapy Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: One-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials--tap report 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117(10):1329-1345. Lanchoney DM, et al. A model of the incidence and consequences of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Comparative effects of current treatment and potential prophylaxis on visual outcomes in high-risk patients. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116(8):1045-52. Cleasby GW, et al. Prophylactic photocoagulation of the fellow eye in exudative senile maculopathy. A preliminary report. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 1979;20:141-7. Olk RJ, et al. Therapeutic benefits of infrared (810-nm) diode laser macular grid photocoagulation in prophylactic treatment of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration: Two-year results of a randomized pilot study. Ophthalmology 1999;106(11):2082-90. The complications of age-related macular degeneration prevention trial (CAPT): Rationale, design and methodology. Clin Trials 2004;1(1):91-107. Pasechnikova N, Suk S. 577 nm micropulse laser treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina Today 2011;Supplement (April):11-13. Peroni R, et al. A combined low energy, short pulsed 577 nm mild macular grid photocoagulation with 577 nm-micropulsed central laser stimulation for diabetic macular edema with foveal leakage (the sandwich grid). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011;52(6):590-.

• Initial Experience With a Yellow Diode Laser

  Authors:

  Jonathan D. Walker, MD Source: 1. Castillejos-Rios D,Devenyi R,Moffat K,Yu E.Dye yellow vs.argon green laser in panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy:a comparison of minimum power requirements.Can J Ophthalmol.1992;27:243-244. 2. Mainster MA.Wavelength selection in macular photocoagulation.Tissue optics, thermal effects, and laser systems. Ophthalmology.1986;93:952-958. 3. Browning DJ, Antoszyk AN.The effect of the surgeon and the laser wavelength on the response to focal photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.Ophthalmology.1999;106:243-248. 4. Karacorlu S, Burumcek E, Karacorlu M, Arslan O.Treatment of diabetic macular edema:a comparison between argon and dye lasers. Ann Ophthalmol.1993;25:138-141. 5. Fernandez-Vigo J, Fandino J, Fernandez MI, Salorio MS.Comparative study of efficacy of focal photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema according to the wave length used [in French].J Fr Ophtalmol.1989;12:785-789. 6. Luttrull JK, Musch DC, Mainster MA.Subthreshold diode micropulse photocoagulation for the treatment of clinically significant diabetic macular oedema.Br J Ophthalmol.2005;89:74-80. 7. Muqit MM, Marcellino GR, Henson DB, et al.Single-session vs multiple-session pattern scanning laser panretinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy:the Manchester Pascal Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:525-533. 8. Muraly P, Limbad P, Srinivasan K, Ramasamy K.Single session of PASCAL versus multiple sessions of conventional laser for panretinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy:a comparative study.Retina. 2011;31(7):1359-1365. 9. Rosen R.First impressions of the Iridex IQ 577 yellow laser:seeing is believing.Retina Today.2010;5(insert to April issue):4-5. 10. Fong DS, Strauber SF, Aiello LP, et al.Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema.Arch Ophthalmol.2007;125:469- 480. 11. Sivaprasad S, Elagouz M, McHugh D, et al.Micropulsed diode laser therapy:evolution and clinical applications. Surv Ophthalmol.2010;55:516-530. 12. Venkatesh P, Ramanjulu R, Azad R, et al.Subthreshold micropulse diode laser and double frequency neodymium:YAG laser in treatment of diabetic macular edema:a prospective, randomized study using multifocal electroretinography [published online ahead of print May 25, 2011].Photomed Laser Surg. doi:10.1089/pho.2010.2830. 13. Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Melo Jr LA, et al.Randomized clinical trail evaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocagulation for diabetic macular edema.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2011;52(7):4314-4323. 14. Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, et al.Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema:subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation.Retina.2010;30:908-916. 15. Figueira J, Khan J, Nunes S, et al.Prospective randomised controlled trial comparing sub-threshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation and conventional green laser for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema.Br J Ophthalmol.2009;93:1341-1344. 16. Parodi MB, Spasse S, Iacono P, et al.Subthreshold grid laser treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion with micropulse infrared (810 nanometer) diode laser.Ophthalmology.2006;113:2237-2242. 17. Marshall J.Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of the Ellex 2RT laser for the treatment of diabetic maculopathy and AMD.Paper presented at:The 11th Euretina Congress; May 26, 2011; London, England. 18. Kozak I, Oster SF, Cortes MA, et al.Clinical evaluation and treatment accuracy in diabetic macular edema using navigated laser photocoagulator NAVILAS.Ophthalmology.2011;118(6):1119-1124.

• Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation.

  Authors:

  Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, Pilotto E, Convento E, Midena E. Fondazione GB Bietti, IRCCS, Rome, Italy. stelavu@hotmail.com Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Vujosevic%2C%20MicroPulse

• Long-term safety, high-resolution imaging, and tissue temperature modeling of subvisible diode micropulse photocoagulation for retinovascular macular edema.

  Authors:

  Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. jkluttrull@aol.com Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

• Randomized clinical trial evaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema

  Authors:

  Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Melo LA Jr, Dare A, Farah ME, Belfort R Jr. Federal University of São Paulo UNIFESP (Universidata Federal de São Paulo/EPM (Escola Paulista de Medicina), São Paulo, Brazil. daniellavinsky@gmail.com Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Lavinsky%2C%20MicroPulse

• Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation

  Authors:

  Vujosevic S, Martini F, Convento E, Longhin E, Kotsafti O, Parrozzani R, Midena E. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy. edoardo.midena @unipd.it.

• Subthreshold diode laser micropulse photocoagulation versus intravitreal injections of bevacizumab in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy

  Authors:

  Koss MJ, Beger I, Koch FH. Unit of Vitreo-Retinal Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Michael.Koss@me.com Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Koss%2C%20CSC%2C%20Mic

• Subthreshold Diode Micropulse Laser Photocoagulation (SDM) as Invisible Retinal Phototherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Review

  Authors:

  Jeffrey K. Luttrull, and Giorgio Dorin Source: © 2012 Bentham Science Publishers

• Nonvisible subthreshold micropulse diode laser (810 nm) treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. A pilot study

  Authors:

  Lanzetta P, Furlan F, Morgante L, Veritti D, Bandello F. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine - Italy. paolo.lanzetta@uniud.it Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Lanzetta%2C%20CSC%2C%20

• Micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for central serous chorio-retinopathy

  Authors:

  Gupta B, Elagouz M, McHugh D, Chong V, Sivaprasad S. King's College Hospital, London, UK Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Gupta%2C%20micropulse

• Tissue-Sparing Photocoagulation Bibliography

  Authors: